I. EFFECT OF RAINFALL ON MAIZE PLANTING DATES
Keywords:
water stress, soil moisture, supplemental irrigation, rainfed conditions.Abstract
A study was conducted to determine the effect of planting dates on maize production in the Azuero Region of Panama. The experiment was established at the El Ejido Experimental Station in Los Santos Province and conducted from 2015 to 2024. Each experimental unit consisted of six rows, each measuring 5.2 m, with the two central rows serving as the effective plot. A randomized complete block design with three replications was used. Three factors were evaluated in a 3 × 3 × 2 split–split plot factorial arrangement. The main plot was planting date (August, September, and October); the subplot consisted of two water-management systems (rainfed and supplemental drip irrigation); and the sub-subplot included two commercial hybrids commonly used by producers in the region. Statistical analysis revealed highly significant differences in grain yield and other agronomic traits for the main effects, the Date × System interaction, and the three-way interactions involving year. Average grain yield varied across years, with 2015 showing the lowest production (5.43 t ha⁻¹) and 2017 the highest (6.80 t ha⁻¹). Grain yield decreased progressively with later planting dates. The difference between rainfed and irrigated conditions exceeded 0.70 t ha⁻¹, favoring supplemental irrigation. This difference varied according to annual rainfall patterns, being greater in drier years and smaller when rainfall exceeded 500 mm between August and December. Differences between hybrids were observed only for grain yield and ear weight, with the hybrid considered more tolerant showing higher values for both traits (109 g and 6.58 t ha⁻¹, respectively). Overall, results indicate that interannual precipitation variability can amplify or attenuate the impact of planting dates on grain yield. Water stress during flowering and grain filling had the most substantial adverse effect on yield.
Downloads
References
Akinnuoye-Adelabu, D. B. & Modi, A. T. (2017). Panting dates and harvesting stages influence on maize yield under rainfed conditions. Journal of Agricultural Science, 9(9), 43-55. https://doi.org/10.5539/jas.v9n9p43
Aylor, D. E. (2004). Survival of maize (Zea mays) pollen exposed in the atmosphere. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 123, 125-133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2003.12.007
Aylor, D. E. (2003). Rate of dehydration of corn (Zea mays) pollen in the air. Journal of Experimental Botany, 54(391), 2307-2312. https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erg242
Beiragi, M. A., Khorasani, S. K., Shojaei, S. H., Dadresan, M., Mostafavi, K., & Golbashy, M. (2011). A study on effects of planting dates on growth and yield of 18 corn hybrids (Zea mays L.). Journal of Experimental Agriculture International, 1(3), 110-120. https://doi.org/10.9734/AJEA/2011/339
Bolaños, J., & Edmeades, G. O. (1993). La fenología del maíz. En: Síntesis de Resultados Experimentales del PRM, 1992, Vol. 4. CIMMYT-PRM, Guatemala. J. Bolaños, G. Saín, R. Urbina y H. Barreto (eds.). pag. 251-261. https://repository.cimmyt.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/acb034c1-ff5b-4746-ad16-4a4c37fa9127/content
Claassen, M. M. & Shaw, R. H. (1970). Water deficit effects on corn. II. Grain components. Agron. J. 62(5), 652-655. https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj1970.00021962006200050032x
Cui, Y., Tang, H., Zhou, Y., Jin, J., & Jiang, S. (2024). Accumulative and adaptive responses of maize transpiration, biomass, and yield under continuous drought stress. Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems, 8,1444246. https://doi.org/10.3389/fsufs.2024.1444246
Darby, H. & Lauer, J. (2002). Critical Stages in the Life of a Corn Plant. https://corn.aae.wisc.edu/Management/pdfs/CriticalStages.pdf
Denmead, O. T. & Shaw, R. H. (1960). The effects of soil moisture stress at different stages of growth on the development and yield of corn. Agron. J. 52, 272-274. https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj1960.00021962005200050010x
Djaman, K., Allen, S., Djaman, D. S., Koudahe, K., Irmak, S., Puppala, N., Darapuneni, M. K., & Angadi, S. V. (2022). Planting date and plant density effects on maize growth, yield and water use efficiency. Environmental Challenges, 6, 100417. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envc.2021.100417
Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Alimentación y la Agricultura. (1993). Land and water integration and river basin management. Roma, Italia. http://www.fao.org/3/v5400e/v5400e00.htm
Fonseca, A. E., & Westgate, M. E. (2005). Relationship between desiccation and viability of maize pollen. Field Crop Research, 94(2), 114-125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2004.12.001
Gordón-Mendoza, R. (2020), Variabilidad climática y su efecto sobre la producción de maíz. Instituto de Investigación Agropecuaria de Panamá, 48 p. https://proyectos.idiap.gob.pa/uploads/adjuntos/VARIABILIDAD_CLIMATICA_Y_SU_EFECTO_SOBRE_LA_PRODUCCI%C3%93N_DE_MA%C3%8DZ.pdf
Gordón-Mendoza, R. (2021). Manual Técnico: El maíz en Panamá: Características, requerimientos y recomendaciones para su producción en ambientes con alta variabilidad climática. Instituto de Innovación Agropecuaria de Panamá. 108 p. https://proyectos.idiap.gob.pa/uploads/adjuntos/manual_tecnico_el_maiz_en_panama.pdf
Hall, A. J., Vilella, F., Trappani, N., & Chimenti, C. (1982). The effects of water stress and genotype on the dynamics of pollen-shedding and silking in maize. Field Crops Research, 5, 349-363. https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-4290(82)90036-3
Herrero, M. P., & Johnson, R. R. (1980). High Temperature Stress and Pollen Viability of Maize. Crop Science, 20(6), 796-800. https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci1980.0011183X002000060030x
Irwin, S., Good, D., & Newton, J. (2015). Early Planting and 2015 Corn Yield Prospects: How Much of an Increase? farmdoc daily, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Department of Agricultural and Consumer Economics, 5, May. https://doi.org/10.22004/ag.econ.283126
Yzarra, W., Trebejo, I., y Noriega, V. (2010). Evaluación del efecto del clima en la productividad del maíz amarillo duro en la Costa Central del Perú. Lima, Perú. 90p. https://www.senamhi.gob.pe/load/file/01401SENA-10.pdf
Jing, L., Weng, B., Yan, D., Zhang, B., W., & Yan, S. (2023). The persistent impact of drought stress on the resilience of summer maize. Frontiers in Plant Science, 14, 1016993. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2023.1016993
Kostiakov, A. N. (1932), On the dynamics of the coefficient of water-percolation in soils and on the necessity of studying it from a dynamic point of view for purposes of amelioration, Transactions Congress International Society for Soil Science, 6th, Moscow Part A, p.17-21
Kranz, W. L., Irmak, S., van Donk, S. J., Yonts, C. D., & Martin, D. L. (2008). Irrigation management for corn. Nebraska Extension NebGuide G1850. http://extensionpublications.unl.edu/assets/html/g1850/build/g1850.htm
Laffite, H. R. (2001). Estreses abióticos que afectan al maíz. En: El maíz en los trópicos: Mejoramiento y producción. R. Paliwal, G. Granados, H.R. Laffite y A. Violic (eds.). FAO. https://www.fao.org/4/x7650s/x7650s12.htm#P0_0
Lafitte, H. R. (1994). Identificación de problemas en la producción de maíz tropical. Guía de Campo. México D.F.; CIMMYT. 122 pp. https://books.google.com.pa/books?id=OUVBwJBXYecC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false
Lauer, J. G., Carter, P. R., Wood, T. M., Diezel, G., Wiersma, D. W., Rand, R. E., & Mlynarek, M. J. (1999). Corn Hybrid Response to Planting Date in the Northern Corn Belt. Agron. J. 91(5), 834–839. https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj1999.915834x
McWilliams, D. A., Berglund, D. R., & Endres, G. J. (1999). Corn Grow and Management Quick Guide. North Dakota State University. A-1173. https://library.ndsu.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/fa8d424d-fcb6-40bf-b05d-c3ecc4bcd7c7/content
Norwood, C. A. (2001). Planting Date, Hybrid Maturity, and Plant Population Effects on Soil Water Depletion, Water Use, and Yield of Dryland Corn. Agron. J. 93(5), 1034-1042. https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj2001.9351034x
NeSmith, D. S., & Ritchie, J. T. (1992). Short-and long-term responses of corn to pre-anthesis soil water deficit. Agron. J. 84, 107-113. https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj1992.00021962008400010021x
Rhoads, F. M., & Yonts, C. M. (2000). Irrigation Scheduling for Corn-Why and How. Iowa State University. University Extension. NCH-20. National Corn Handbook 6 p. https://corn.agronomy.wisc.edu/Management/pdfs/NCH20.pdf
Ruane, A. C., DeWayne, C. L., Horton, R. M., Gordón, R., McCollum R., Brown, D., Killough, B., Goldberg, R., Greeley, A. P., & Rosenzweig, C. (2013). Climate change impact uncertainties for maize in Panama: Farm information, climate projections, and yield sensitivities. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 170,132-145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2011.10.015
Sáez-Cigarruista, A., Morales-Guevara, D., Gordón-Mendoza, R., Jaén-Villarreal, J. & Ramos-Manzané, F. (2024). Sensibilidad del cultivo de maíz (Zea mays) a diferentes períodos de déficit hídrico controlado. Agronomía Mesoamericana, 35, 55660. https://doi.org/10.15517/am.2024.55660
Sah, R. P., Chakraborty, M., Prasad, K., Pandit, M., Tudu, V. K., Chakravarty, M. K., Narayan, S. C., Rana, M., & Moharana, D. (2020). Impact of water deficit stress in maize: phenology and yield components. Sci Rep, 10, 2944. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-59689-7
Sárvári, M., & Futó, Z. (2001). Correlation between sowing time of maize hybrids, yield and seed moisture content at harvest on chernozem soil. Acta Agraria Debreceniensis, 1, 32-41. https://doi.org/10.34101/actaagrar/1/3583
Schoper, J. B., Lambert, R. J., & Vasilas, B. L. (1986). Maize pollen viability and ear receptivity under water and high temperature stress. Crop Science 26(5), 1029-1033. https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci1986.0011183X002600050038x
Shao, J., Wang, Q., Liu, P., Zhao, B., Han, W., Zhang, J., & Ren, B. (2024). The complex stress of waterlogging and high temperature accelerated maize leaf senescence and decreased photosynthetic performance at different growth stages. Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science, 210(2), e12689. https://doi.org/10.1111/jac.12689
Shaw, R. H., & Newman, J. E. (1985). Weather stress in the corn crop. Michigan State University. University Extension. NCH-18 National Corn Handbook 4 p. https://www.baycountymi.gov/Docs/CitizenCorps/WeatherStressInTheCornCrop.pdf
Steduto, P., Hsiao, T. C., Fereres, E., & Raes, D. (2012). Respuesta del rendimiento de los cultivos al agua. FAO. Roma, Italia, 510 p. https://www.siiba.conadesuca.gob.mx/siiaca/Consulta/verDoc.aspx?num=601
Traore, S. B., Carlson, R. E., Pilcher, C. D., & Rice, M. E. (2000). Bt and non-Bt maize growth and development as affected by temperature and drought stress. Agron. J. 92(5), 1027-1035. https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj2000.9251027x
Wu, W., Yue, W., Bi, J., Zhang, L., Xu, D., Peng, C., Chen, X., & Wang, S. (2024). Influence of climatic variables on maize grain yield and its components by adjusting the sowing date. Frontiers in Plant Science, 15, 1411009. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2024.1411009
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Esta obra está bajo una licencia de Creative Commons Reconocimiento-NoComercial-CompartirIgual 4.0 Internacional.
